Version 2.5.0-trunk / (June 20, 2007) 2004-2007 Breach Security, Inc. (http://www.breach.com)

ModSecurityis a web application firewall (WAF). With over 70% of all attacks now carried out over the web application level, organisations need every help they can get in making their systems secure. WAFs are deployed to establish an external security layer that increases security, detects, and prevents attacks before they reach web applications. It provides protection from a range of attacks against web applications and allows for HTTP traffic monitoring and real-time analysis with little or no changes to existing infrastructure.

Web servers are typically well-equipped to log traffic in a form useful for marketing analyses, but fall short when it comes to logging of traffic to web applications. In particular, most are not capable of logging the request bodies. Your adversaries know this, and that is why most attacks are now carried out via POST requests, rendering your systems blind. ModSecurity makes full HTTP transaction logging possible, allowing complete requests and responses to be logged. Its logging facilities also allow fine-grained decisions to be made about exactly what is logged and when, ensure only the relevant data is recorded.

In addition to providing logging facilities, ModSecurity can monitor the HTTP traffic in real time in order to detect attacks. In this case ModSecurity operates as a web intrusion detection tool, allowing you to react to suspicious events that take place at your web systems.

ModSecurity can also act immediately to prevent attacks from reaching your web applications. There are three commonly used approaches: Negative security model. Negative security model monitors requests for anomalies, unusual behaviour, and common web application attacks. It keeps anomaly scores for each request, IP addresses, application sessions, and user accounts. Requests with high anomaly scores are either logged or rejected altogether. Positive security model. When positive security model is deployed, only requests that are known to be valid are accepted, with everything else rejected. This approach works best with applications that are heavily used but rarely updated. Known weaknesses and vulnerabilities. Its rule language makes ModSecurity an ideal external patching tool. External patching is all about reducing the window of opportunity. Time needed to patch application vulnerabilities often runs to weeks in many organisations. With ModSecurity, applications can be patched from the outside, without touching the application source code (and even without any access to it), making your systems secure until a proper patch is produced.

A flexible rule engine sits in the heart of ModSecurity. It implements the ModSecurity Rule Language, which is a specialised programming language designed to work with HTTP transaction data. The ModSecurity Rule Language was designed to be easy to use, yet flexible: common operations are simple while complex operations are possible. Certified ModSecurity Rules, included with subscription to ModSecurity, contain a comprehensive set of rules that implement general-purpose hardening, common web application security issues. Heavily commented, these rules can be used as a learning tool.

ModSecurity is an embeddable web application firewall, which means it can be deployed as part of your existing web server infrastructure provided your web servers are Apache-based. This deployment method has certain advantages: No changes to existing network. It only takes a few minutes to add ModSecurity to your existing web servers. And because it was designed to be completely passive by default, you are free to deploy it incrementally and only use the features you need. It is equally easy to remove or deactivate it should decide you don't want it any more. No single point of failure. Unlike with network-based deployments, you will not be introducing a new point of failure to your system. Implicit load balancing and scaling. Because it works embedded in web servers, ModSecurity will automatically take advantage of the additional load balancing and scalability features. You will not need to think of load balancing and scaling unless your existing system needs them. Minimal overhead. Because it works from inside the web server process there is no overhead for network communication and minimal overhead in parsing and data exchange. No problem with encrypted or compressed content. Many IDS systems have difficulties analysing SSL traffic. This is not a problem for ModSecurity because it is positioned to work when the traffic is decrypted and decompressed. ModSecurity is known to work well on a wide range of operating systems. Our customers are successfully running it on Linux, Windows, Solaris, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, AIX, Mac OS X, and HP-UX.

ModSecurity works equally well when deployed as part of an Apache-based reverse proxy server, and many of our customers choose to do so. In this scenario, one installation of ModSecurity can protect any number of web servers (even the non-Apache ones).

ModSecurity is available under two licenses. Users can choose to use the software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html),as an Open Source / Free Software product. A range of commercial licenses is also available, together with a range of commercial support contracts. For more information on commercial licensing please contact Breach Security. ModSecurity, mod_security, and ModSecurity Pro are trademarks or registered trademarks of Breach Security, Inc.

ModSecurity is a web application firewall engine that provides very little protection on its own. In order to become useful, ModSecurity must be configured with rules. In order to enable users to take full advantage of ModSecurity out of the box, Breach Security Inc. is providing a free certified rule set for ModSecurity 2.0. Unlike intrusion detection and prevention systems, which rely on signature specific to known vulnerabilities, the Core Rules provide generic protection from unknown vulnerabilities often found in web applications, which are in most cases custom coded. The Core Rules are heavily commented to allow it to be used as a step-by-step deployment guide for ModSecurity. The latest Core Rules can be found at the ModSecurity website - http://www.modsecurity.org/projects/rules/.

If you expect a single pack of Apache configuration files, you are right, and wrong. A ModSecurity rule set includes information about different areas: The logic required to detect attacks. A policy setting the actions to perform if an attack is detected. Information regarding attacks. In order to allow separate management of the different parts, the Core Rules are based on templates that are generated into a run-time rule set by inserting policy, patterns and event information. The Core Rules package includes these templates, the generation script (written in Perl) and data files required to generate a useful rule set. It also includes a bunch of pre-generated rule sets for different policies. The generation script also allows two optimizations: Optimal use of regular expressions. Since regular expressions are much more efficient if assembled into a single expression and optimized, the generation script takes the list of patterns that are required for a rule and optimize them into a most efficient regular expression. Removal of rules that are not utilized by a specific policy.

In order to provide generic web applications protection, the Core Rules use the following techniques: HTTP protection - detecting violations of the HTTP protocol and a locally defined usage policy. Common Web Attacks Protection - detecting common web application security attack. Automation detection - Detecting bots, crawlers, scanners and other surface malicious activity. Trojan Protection - Detecting access to Trojans horses. Error Hiding - Disguising error messages sent by the server.

ModSecurity installation consists of the following steps: ModSecurity 2.x works with Apache 2.0.x or better. Make sure you have mod_unique_id installed. (Optional) Install the latest version of libxml2, if it isn't already installed on the server. Unpack the ModSecurity archive Edit Makefile to configure the path to the Apache ServerRoot directory. You can check this by identifying the ServerRoot directive setting in your httpd.conf file. This is the path that was specified with the "--install-path=" configuration flag during compilation (for example, in Fedora Core4: top_dir = /etc/httpd). (Optional) Edit Makefile to enable ModSecurity to use libxml2 (uncomment line DEFS = -DWITH_LIBXML2) and configure the include path (for example: INCLUDES=-I/usr/include/libxml2) Compile with make Stop Apache Install with make install (Optional) Add one line to your configuration to load libxml2: LoadFile /usr/lib/libxml2.so Add one line to your configuration to load ModSecurity: LoadModule security2_module modules/mod_security2.so Configure ModSecurity Start Apache You now have ModSecurity 2.x up and running. If you have compiled Apache yourself you might experience problems compiling ModSecurity against PCRE. This is because Apache bundles PCRE but this library is also typically provided by the operating system. I would expect most (all) vendor-packaged Apache distributions to be configured to use an external PCRE library (so this should not be a problem). You want to avoid Apache using the bundled PCRE library and ModSecurity linking against the one provided by the operating system. The easiest way to do this is to compile Apache against the PCRE library provided by the operating system (or you can compile it against the latest PCRE version you downloaded from the main PCRE distribution site). You can do this at configure time using the --with-pcre switch. If you are not in a position to recompile Apache then, to compile ModSecurity successfully, you'd still need to have access to the bundled PCRE headers (they are available only in the Apache source code) and change the include path for ModSecurity (as you did in step 7 above) to point to them. Do note that if your Apache is using an external PCRE library you can compile ModSecurity with WITH_PCRE_STUDY defined,which would possibly give you a slight performance edge in regular expression processing.

The following section outlines all of the ModSecurity directives. Most of the ModSecurity directives can be used inside the various Apache Scope Directives such as VirtualHost, Location, LocationMatch, Directory, etc... There are others, however, that can only be used once in the main configuration file. This information is specified in the Scope sections below. These rules, along with the Core rules files, should be contained is files outside of the httpd.conf file and called up with Apache "Include" directives. This allows for easier updating/migration of the rules. If you create your own custom rules that you would like to use with the Core rules, you should create a file called - modsecurity_crs_15_customrules.conf and place it in the same directory as the Core rules files. By using this file name, your custom rules will be called up after the standard ModSecurity Core rules configuration file but before the other Core rules. This allows your rules to be evaluate first which can be useful if you need to implement specific "allow" rules or to correct any false positives in the Core rules as they are applied to your site. Note It is highly encouraged that you do not edit the Core rules files themselves but rather place all changes (such as SecRuleRemoveByID, etc...) in your custom rules file. This will allow for easier upgrading as newer Core rules are released by Breach Security on the ModSecurity website.

Description: Unconditionally processes the action list it receives as the first and only parameter. It accepts one parameter, the syntax of which is identical to the third parameter of SecRule. Syntax: SecAction action1,action2,action2 Example Usage: SecAction nolog,redirect:http://www.hostname.com ProcessingPhase: Any Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: None SecAction is best used when you uncondiationally execute an action. This is explicit triggering whereas the normal Actions are conditional based on data inspection of the request/response. This is a useful directive when you want to run certian actions such as initcol to initialize collections.

Description: Specifies which character to use as separator for application/x-www-form-urlencoded content. Defaults to &. Applications are sometimes (very rarely) written to use a semicolon (;). Syntax: SecArgumentSeparator character Example Usage: SecArgumentSeparator ; Processing Phase: Any Scope: Main Dependencies/Notes: None This directive is needed if a backend web appliaction is using a non-standard argument separator. If this directive is not set properly for each web app, then ModSecurity will not be able to parse the arguements appropriately and the effectiveness of the rule matching will be significantly decreased.

Description: Configures the audit logging engine. Syntax: SecAuditEngine On|Off|RelevantOnly Example Usage: SecAuditEngine On Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Can be set/changed with the "ctl" action for the current transaction. Example: The following example shows the various audit directives used together. SecAuditEngine RelevantOnly SecAuditLog logs/audit/audit.log SecAuditLogParts ABCFHZ SecAuditLogType concurrent SecAuditLogStorageDir logs/audit SecAuditLogRelevantStatus ^[45] Possible values are: On - log all transactions by default. Off - do not log transactions by default. RelevantOnly - by default only log transactions that have triggered a warning or an error, or have a status code that is considered to be relevant (see SecAuditLogRelevantStatus).

Description: Defines the path to the main audit log file. Syntax: SecAuditLog /path/to/auditlog Example Usage: SecAuditLog /usr/local/apache/logs/audit.log Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: This file is open on startup when the server typically still runs as root. You should not allow non-root users to have write privileges for this file or for the directory it is stored in.. This file will be used to store the audit log entries if serial audit logging format is used. If concurrent audit logging format is used this file will be used as an index, and contain a record of all audit log files created. If you are planning to use Concurrent audit logging and sending your audit log data off to a remote Console host, then you will need to use the modsec-auditlog-collector.pl script and use the following format: SecAuditLog \ "|/path/modsec-auditlog-collector.pl /path/SecAuditLogDataDir /path/SecAuditLog"

Description: Defines the path to the secondary audit log index file when concurrent logging is enabled. See SecAuditLog2 for more details. Syntax: SecAuditLog2 /path/to/auditlog2 Example Usage: SecAuditLog2 /usr/local/apache/logs/audit2.log Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: A main audit log must be defined via SecAuditLog before this directive may be used. Additionally, this log is only used for replicating the main audit log index file when concurrent audit logging is used. It will not be used for non-concurrent audit logging.

Description: Defines the path to the main audit log file. Syntax: SecAuditLogParts PARTS Example Usage: SecAuditLogParts ABCFHZ Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: At this time ModSecurity does not log response bodies of stock Apache responses (e.g. 404), or the Server and Date response headers. Default: ABCFHZ. Available audit log parts: A – audit log header (mandatory) B – request headers C – request body (present only if the request body exists and ModSecurity is configured to intercept it) D - RESERVED for intermediary response headers, not implemented yet. E – intermediary response body (present only if ModSecurity is configured to intercept response bodies, and if the audit log engine is configured to record it). Intermediary response body is the same as the actual response body unless ModSecurity intercepts the intermediary response body, in which case the actual response body will contain the error message (either the Apache default error message, or the ErrorDocument page). F – final response headers (excluding the Date and Server headers, which are always added by Apache in the late stage of content delivery). G – RESERVED for the actual response body, not implemented yet. H - audit log trailer I - This part is a replacement for part C. It will log the same data as C in all cases except whenmultipart/form-dataencoding in used. In this case it will log a fake application/x-www-form-urlencoded body that contains the information about parameters but not about the files. This is handy if you don't want to have (often large) files stored in your audit logs. J - RESERVED. This part, when implemented, will contain information about the files uploaded using multipart/form-data encoding. Z – final boundary, signifies the end of the entry (mandatory)

Description: Configures which response status code is to be considered relevant for the purpose of audit logging. Syntax: SecAuditLogRelevantStatus REGEX Example Usage: SecAuditLogRelevantStatus ^[45] Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Must have the SecAuditEngine set to RelevantOnly. The parameter is a regular expression. The main purpose of this directive is to allow you to configure audit logging for only transactions that generate the specified HTTP Response Status Code. This directive is often used to the decrease the total size of the audit log file. Keep in mind that if this parameter is used, then successful attacks that result in a 200 OK status code will not be logged.

Description: Configures the storage directory where concurrent audit log entries are to be stored. Syntax: SecAuditLogStorageDir /path/to/storage/dir Example Usage: SecAuditLogStorageDir /usr/local/apache/logs/audit Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: SecAuditLogType must be set to Concurrent. The directory must already be created before starting Apache and it must be writable by the web server user as new files are generated at runtime. As with all logging mechanisms, ensure that you specify a file system location that has adequate disk space and is not on the root partition.

Description: Configures the type of audit logging mechanism to be used. Syntax: SecAuditLogType Serial|Concurrent Example Usage: SecAuditLogType Serial Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Must specify SecAuditLogStorageDir if you use concurrent logging. Possible values are: Serial - all audit log entries will be stored in the main audit logging file. This is more convenient for casual use but it is slower as only one audit log entry can be written to the file at any one file. Concurrent - audit log entries will be stored in separate files, one for each transaction. Concurrent logging is the mode to use if you are going to send the audit log data off to a remote ModSecurity Console host.

Description: Configures the directory path that will be used to jail the web server process. Syntax: SecChrootDir /path/to/chroot/dir Example Usage: SecChrootDir /chroot Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Main Dependencies/Notes: The internal chroot functionality provided by ModSecurity works great for simple setups. One example of a simple setup is Apache serving static files only, or running scripts using modules. For more complex setups you should consider building a jail the old-fashioned way. The internal chroot feature should be treated as somewhat experimental. Due to the large number of default and third-party modules available for the Apache web server, it is not possible to verify the internal chroot works reliably with all of them. You are advised to think about your option and make your own decision. In particular, if you are using any of the modules that fork in the module initialisation phase (e.g. mod_fastcgi, mod_fcgid, mod_cgid), you are advised to examine each Apache process and observe its current working directory, process root, and the list of open files.

Description: Enables content injection using actions append and prepend. Syntax: SecContentInjection (On|Off) Example Usage: SecContentInjection On

Description: Selects the cookie format that will be used in the current configuration context. Syntax: SecCookieFormat 0|1 Example Usage: SecCookieFormat 0 Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: None Possible values are: 0 - use version 0 (Netscape) cookies. This is what most applications use. It is the default value. 1 - use version 1 cookies.

Description: Path where persistent data (e.g. IP address data, session data, etc) is to be stored. Syntax: SecDataDir /path/to/dir Example Usage: SecDataDir /usr/local/apache/logs/data Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Main Dependencies/Notes: This directive is needed when initcol, setsid an setuid are used. Must be writable by the web server user.

Description: Path to the ModSecurity debug log file. Syntax: SecDebugLog /path/to/modsec-debug.log Example Usage: SecDebugLog /usr/local/apache/logs/modsec-debug.log Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: None

Description: Configures the verboseness of the debug log data. Syntax: SecDebugLogLevel 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9 Example Usage: SecDebugLogLevel 4 Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Levels 1-3 are always sent to the Apache error log. Therefore you can always use level 0 as the default logging level in production. Level 5 is useful when debugging. It is not advisable to use higher logging levels in production as excessive logging can slow down server significantly. Possible values are: 0 - no logging. 1 - errors (intercepted requests) only. 2 - warnings. 3 - notices. 4 - details of how transactions are handled. 5 - as above, but including information about each piece of information handled. 9 - log everything, including very detailed debugging information.

Description: Defines the default action to take on a rule match. Syntax: SecDefaultAction action1,action2,action3 Example Usage: SecDefaultAction log,auditlog,deny,status:403,phase:2,t:lowercase Processing Phase: Any Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Rules following a SecDefaultAction directive will inherit this setting unless a specific action is specified for an indivdual rule or until another SecDefaultAction is specified. The default value is: SecDefaultAction log,auditlog,deny,status:403,phase:2,t:none Note SecDefaultAction must specify a disruptive action and a processing phase.

Description: Defines the path to the geograpical database file. Syntax: SecGeoLookupsDb /path/to/db Example Usage: SecGeoLookupsDb /usr/local/geo/data/GeoLiteCity.dat Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Check out www.maxmind.com for free database files.

Description: Configuration directive to use the httpd-guardian script to monitor for Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Syntax: SecGuardianLog |/path/to/httpd-guardian Example Usage: SecGuardianLog |/usr/local/apache/bin/httpd-guardian Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Main Dependencies/Notes: By default httpd-guardian will defend against clients that send more 120 requests in a minute, or more than 360 requests in five minutes. Since 1.9, ModSecurity supports a new directive, SecGuardianLog, that is designed to send all access data to another program using the piped logging feature. Since Apache is typically deployed in a multi-process fashion, making information sharing difficult, the idea is to deploy a single external process to observe all requests in a stateful manner, providing additional protection. Development of a state of the art external protection tool will be a focus of subsequent ModSecurity releases. However, a fully functional tool is already available as part of the Apache httpd tools project. The tool is called httpd-guardian and can be used to defend against Denial of Service attacks. It uses the blacklist tool (from the same project) to interact with an iptables-based (Linux) or pf-based (*BSD) firewall, dynamically blacklisting the offending IP addresses. It can also interact with SnortSam (http://www.snortsam.net). Assuming httpd-guardian is already configured (look into the source code for the detailed instructions) you only need to add one line to your Apache configuration to deploy it: SecGuardianLog |/path/to/httpd-guardian

Description: Enables the PDF XSS protection functionality. Once enabled access to PDF files is tracked. Direct access attempts are redirected to links that contain one-time tokens. Requests with valid tokens are allowed through unmodified. Requests with invalid tokens are also allowed through but with forced download of the PDF files. This implementation uses response headers to detect PDF files and thus can be used with dynamically generated PDF files that do not have the .pdf extension in the request URI.

Description: Configure desired protection method to be used when requests for PDF files are detected. Possible values are TokenRedirection and ForcedDownload. The token redirection approach will attempt to redirect with tokens where possible. This allows PDF files to continue to be opened inline but only works for GET requests. Forced download always causes PDF files to be delivered as opaque binaries and attachments. The latter will always be used for non-GET requests. Forced download is considered to be more secure but may cause usability problems for users ("This PDF won't open anymore!"). Default: TokenRedirection

Description: Defines the secret that will be used to construct one-time tokens. You should use a reasonably long value for the secret (e.g. 16 characters is good). Once selected the secret should not be changed as as it will break the the tokens that were sent prior to change. But it's not a big deal even if you change it. It will just force dowload of PDF files with tokens that were issued in the last few seconds.

Description: Defines the token timeout. After token expires it can no longer be used to allow access to PDF file. Request will be allowed through but the PDF will be delivered as attachment. Default: 10

Description: Defines the name of the token. The only reason you would want to change the name of the token is if you wanted to hide the fact you are running ModSecurity. It's a good reason but it won't really help as the adversary can look into the algorithm used for PDF protection and figure it out anyway. It does raise the bar slightly so go ahead if you want to. Default: PDFTOKEN

Description: Configures whether request bodies will be buffered and processed by ModSecurity by default. Syntax: SecRequestBodyAccess On|Off Example Usage: SecRequestBodyAccess On Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: This directive is required if you plan to inspect POST_PAYLOADS of requests. This directive must be used along with the "phase:2" processing phase action and REQUEST_BODY variable/location. If any of these 3 parts are not configured, you will not be able to inspect the request bodies. Possible values are: On - access request bodies. Off - do not attempt to access request bodies.

Description: Configures the maximum request body size ModSecurity will accept for buffering. Syntax: SecRequestBodyLimit NUMBER_IN_BYTES Example Usage: SecRequestBodyLimit 134217728 Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: 131072 KB (134217728 bytes) is the default setting. Anything over this limit will be rejected with status code 413 Request Entity Too Large. There is a hard limit of 1 GB.

Description: Configures the maximum request body size ModSecurity will store in memory. Syntax: SecRequestBodyInMemoryLimit NUMBER_IN_BYTES Example Usage: SecRequestBodyInMemoryLimit 131072 Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: None By default the limit is 128 KB: # Store up to 128 KB in memory SecRequestBodyInMemoryLimit 131072

Description: Configures the maximum response body size that will be accepted for buffering. Syntax: SecResponseBodyLimit NUMBER_IN_BYTES Example Usage: SecResponseBodyLimit 524228 Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Anything over this limit will be rejected with status code 500 Internal Server Error. This setting will not affect the responses with MIME types that are not marked for buffering. There is a hard limit of 1 GB. By default this limit is configured to 512 KB: # Buffer response bodies of up to 512 KB in length SecResponseBodyLimit 524288

Description: Configures which MIME types are to be considered for response body buffering. Syntax: SecResponseBodyMimeType mime/type Example Usage: SecResponseBodyMimeType text/plain text/html Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Multiple SecResponseBodyMimeType directives can be used to add MIME types. The default value is text/plaintext/html: SecResponseBodyMimeType text/plain text/html

Description: Clears the list of MIME types considered for response body buffering, allowing you to start populating the list from scratch. Syntax: SecResponseBodyMimeTypesClear Example Usage: SecResponseBodyMimeTypesClear Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: None

Description: Configures whether response bodies are to be buffer and analysed or not. Syntax: SecResponseBodyAccess On|Off Example Usage: SecResponseBodyAccess On Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: This directive is required if you plan to inspect html responses. This directive must be used along with the "phase:4" processing phase action and RESPONSE_BODY variable/location. If any of these 3 parts are not configured, you will not be able to inspect the response bodies. Possible values are: On - access response bodies (but only if the MIME type matches, see above). Off - do not attempt to access response bodies.

Description: SecRuleis the main ModSecurity directive. It is used to analyse data and perform actions based on the results. Syntax: SecRule VARIABLES OPERATOR [ACTIONS] Example Usage: SecRule REQUEST_URI "attack" Processing Phase: Any Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: None In general, the format of this rule is as follows: SecRule VARIABLES OPERATOR [ACTIONS] The second part, OPERATOR, specifies how they are going to be checked. The third (optional) part, ACTIONS, specifies what to do whenever the operator used performs a successful match against a variable.

The first part, VARIABLES, specifies which variables are to be checked. For example, the following rule will reject a transaction that has the word dirty in the URI: SecRule REQUEST_URI dirty Each rule can specify one or more variables: SecRule REQUEST_URI|QUERY_STRING dirty There is a third format supported by the selection operator - XPath expression. XPath expressions can only used against the special variable XML, which is available only of the request body was processed as XML. SecRule XML:/xPath/Expression dirty As you have just seen, not all collections support all selection operator format types. You should refer to the documentation of each collection to determine what is and isn't supported.

In the simplest possible case you will use a regular expression pattern as the second rule parameter. This is what we've done in the examples above. If you do this ModSecurity assumes you want to use the rx operator. You can explicitly specify the operator you want to use by using @ as the first character in the second rule parameter: SecRule REQUEST_URI "@rx dirty" Note how we had to use double quotes to delimit the second rule parameter. This is because the second parameter now has a whitespace in it. Any number of whitespace characters can follow the name of the operator. If there are any non-whitespace characters there, they will all be treated as a special parameter to the operator. In the case of the regular expression operator the special parameter is the pattern that will be used for comparison. The @ can be the second character if you are using negation to negate the result returned by the operator: SecRule &ARGS "!@rx ^0$"

The third parameter, ACTIONS, can be omitted only because there is a helper feature that specifies the default action list. If the parameter isn't omitted the actions specified in the parameter will be merged with the default action list to create the actual list of actions that will be processed on a rule match.

Description: Configures whether the current context will inherit rules from the parent context (configuration options are inherited in most cases - you should look up the documentation for every directive to determine if it is inherited or not). Syntax: SecRuleInheritance On|Off Example Usage: SecRuleInheritance Off Processing Phase: Any Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Resource-specific contexts (e.g. Location, Directory, etc) cannot override phase1 rules configured in the main server or in the virtual server. This is because phase 1 is run early in the request processing process, before Apache maps request to resource. Virtual host context can override phase 1 rules configured in the main server. Example: The following example shows where ModSecurity may be enabled in the main Apache configuration scope, however you might want to configure your VirtualHosts differently. In the first example, the first virtualhost is not inheriting the ModSecurity main config directives and in the second one it is. SecRuleEnine On SecDefaultAction log,pass,phase:2 ... <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName app1.com ServerAlias www.app1.com SecRuleInheritance Off SecDefaultAction log,deny,phase:1,redirect:http://www.site2.com ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName app2.com ServerAlias www.app2.com SecRuleInheritance On SecRule ARGS "attack" ... </VirtualHost> Possible values are: On - inherit rules from the parent context. Off - do not inherit rules from the parent context.

Description: Configures the rules engine. Syntax: SecRuleEngine On|Off|DetectionOnly Example Usage: SecRuleEngine On Processing Phase: Any Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Thisdirective can also be controled by the ctl action (ctl:ruleEngine=off) for per rule processing. Possible values are: On - process rules. Off - do not process rules. DetectionOnly - process rules but never intercept transactions, even when rules are configured to do so.

Description: Removes matching rules from the parent contexts. Syntax: SecRuleRemoveById RULEID Example Usage: SecRuleRemoveByID 1 2 "9000-9010" Processing Phase: Any Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: This directive supports multiple parameters, where each parameter can either be a rule ID, or a range. Parameters that contain spaces must be delimited using double quotes. SecRuleRemoveById 1 2 5 10-20 "400-556" 673

Description: Removes matching rules from the parent contexts. Syntax: SecRuleRemoveByMsg REGEX Example Usage: SecRuleRemoveByMsg "FAIL" Processing Phase: Any Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: This directive supports multiple parameters. Each parameter is a regular expression that will be applied to the message (specified using the msg action).

Description: Instructs ModSecurity to change the data presented in the "Server:" response header token. Syntax: SecServerSignature "WEB SERVER SOFTWARE" Example Usage: SecServerSignature "Netscape-Enterprise/6.0" Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Main Dependencies/Notes: In order for this directive to work, you must set the Apache ServerTokens directive to Full. ModSecurity will overwrite the server signature data held in this memory space with the data set in this directive. If ServerTokens is not set to Full, then the memory space is most likely not large enough to hold the new data we are looking to insert.

Description: Configures the directory where temporary files will be created. Syntax: SecTmpDir /path/to/dir Example Usage: SecTmpDir /tmp Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Needs to be writable by the Apache user process. This is the directory location where Apache will swap data to disk if it runs out of memory (more data than what was specified in the SecRequestBodyInMemoryLimit directive) during inspection.

Description: Configures the directory where intercepted files will be stored. Syntax: SecUploadDir /path/to/dir Example Usage: SecUploadDir /tmp Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: This directory must be on the same filesystem as the temporary directory defined with SecTmpDir. This directive is used with SecUploadKeepFiles.

Description: Configures whether or not the intercepted files will be kept after transaction is processed. Syntax: SecUploadKeepFiles On|Off|RelevantOnly Example Usage: SecUploadKeepFiles On Processing Phase: N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: This directive requires the storage directory to be defined (using SecUploadDir). Possible values are: On - Keep uploaded files. Off - Do not keep uploaded files. RelevantOnly - This will keep only those files that belong to requests that are deemed relevant.

Description: Creates a partition on the server that belongs to one web application. Syntax: SecWebAppId "NAME" Example Usage: SecWebAppId "WebApp1" Processing Phase:N/A Scope: Any Dependencies/Notes: Partitions are used to avoid collisions between session IDs and user IDs. This directive must be used if there are multiple applications deployed on the same server. If it isn't used, a collision between session IDs might occur. The default value is default. Example: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName app1.com ServerAlias www.app1.com SecWebAppId "App1" SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES:PHPSESSID !^$ chain,nolog,pass SecAction setsid:%{REQUEST_COOKIES.PHPSESSID} ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName app2.com ServerAlias www.app2.com SecWebAppId "App2" SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES:PHPSESSID !^$ chain,nolog,pass SecAction setsid:%{REQUEST_COOKIES.PHPSESSID} ... </VirtualHost> In the two examples configurations shown, SecWebAppId is being used in conjuction with the Apache VirtualHost directives. What this achieves is to create more unique collection names when being hosted on one server. Normally, when setsid is used, ModSecurity will create a collection with the name "SESSION" and it will hold the value specified. With using SecWebAppId as shown in the examples, however, the name of the collection would become "App1_SESSION" and "App2_SESSION". SecWebAppId is relevant in two cases: You are logging transactions/alerts to the ModSecurity Console and you want to use the web application ID to search only the transactions belonging to that application. You are using the data persistence facility (collections SESSION and USER) and you need to avoid collisions between sessions and users belonging to different applications.

ModSecurity 2.x allows rules to be placed in one of the following five phases: Request headers Request body Response headers Response body Logging ModSecurity Processing Phases Diagram Below is a diagram of the standard Apache Request Cycle. In the diagram, the 5 ModSecurity processing phases are shown. In order to select the phase a rule executes during, use the phase action either directly in the rule or in using the SecDefaultAction directive: SecDefaultAction "log,pass,phase:2" SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Host "!^$" "deny,phase:1" Note on Rule and Phases Keep in mind that rules are executed according to phases, so even if two rules are adjacent in a configuration file, but are set to execute in different phases, they would not happen one after the other. The order of rules in the configuration file is important only within the rules of each phase. This is especially important when using the skip action.

Rules in this phase are processed immediately after Apache completes reading the request headers (post-read-request phase). At this point the request body has not been read yet, meaning not all request arguments are available. Rules should be placed in this phase if you need to have them run early (before Apache does something with the request), to do something before the request body has been read, determine whether or not the request body should be buffered, or decide how you want the request body to be processed (e.g. whether to parse it as XML or not). Note Rules in this phase can not leverage Apache scope directives (Directory, Location, LocationMatch, etc...) as the post-read-request hook does not have this information yet. The exception here is the VirtualHost directive. If you want to use ModSecurity rules inside Apache locations, then they should run in Phase 2. Refer to the Apache Request Cycle/ModSecurity Processing Phases diagram.

This is the general-purpose input analysis phase. Most of the application-oriented rules should go here. In this phase you are guaranteed to have received the request argument (provided the request body has been read). ModSecurity supports three encoding types for the request body phase: application/x-www-form-urlencoded - used to transfer form data multipart/form-data – used for file transfers text/xml - used for passing XML data Other encodings are not used by most web applications.

This phase takes place just before response headers are sent back to the client. Run here if you want to observe the response before that happens, and if you want to use the response headers to determine if you want to buffer the response body. Note that some response status codes (such as 404) are handled earlier in the request cycle by Apache and my not be able to be triggered as expected. Additionally, there are some response headers that are added by Apache at a later hook (such as Date, Server and Connection) that we would not be able to trigger on or sanitize. This should work appropirately in a proxy setup or within phase:5 (logging).

This is the general-purpose output analysis phase. At this point you can run rules against the response body (provided it was buffered, of course). This is the phase where you would want to inspect the outbound html for information discloure, error messages or failed authentication text.

This phase is run just before logging takes place. The rules placed into this phase can only affect how the logging is performed. This phase can be used to inspect the error messages logged by Apache. You can not deny/block connections in this phase as it is too late. This phase also allows for inspection of other response headers that weren't available during phase:3 or phase:4.

The following variables are supported in ModSecurity 2.x:

ARGS is a collection and can be used on its own (means all arguments including the POST Payload), with a static parameter (matches arguments with that name), or with a regular expression (matches all arguments with name that matches the regular expression). Note: ARGS:p will not result in any invocations against the operator if argument p does not exist. Some variables are actually collections, which are expanded into more variables at runtime. The following example will examine all request arguments:SecRule ARGS dirtySometimes, however, you will want to look only at parts of a collection. This can be achieved with the help of the selection operator(colon). The following example will only look at the arguments named p (do note that, in general, requests can contain multiple arguments with the same name): SecRule ARGS:p dirtyIt is also possible to specify exclusions. The following will examine all request arguments for the word dirty, except the ones named z (again, there can be zero or more arguments named z): SecRule ARGS|!ARGS:z dirtyThere is a special operator that allows you to count how many variables there are in a collection. The following rule will trigger if there is more than zero arguments in the request (ignore the second parameter for the time being): SecRule &ARGS !^0$And sometimes you need to look at an array of parameters, each with a slightly different name. In this case you can specify a regular expression in the selection operator itself. The following rule will look into all arguments whose names begin with id_: SecRule ARGS:/^id_/ dirty In ModSecurity 1.X, the ARGS variable stood for QUERY_STRING + POST_PAYLOAD, whereas now it expands to to individual variables.

This variable allows you to set more targeted evaluations on the total size of the Arguments as compared with normal Apache LimitRequest directives. For example, you could create a rule to ensure that the total size of the argument data is below a certain threshold (to help prevent buffer overflow issues). Example: Block request if the size of the arguments is above 25 characters. SecRule REQUEST_FILENAME "^/cgi-bin/login\.php$" "chain,log,deny,phase:2" SecRule ARGS_COMBINED_SIZE "@gt 25"

Is a collection of the argument names. You can search for specific argument names that you want to block. In a positive policy scenario, you can also whitelist (using an inverted rule with the ! character) only authorized argument names. Example: This example rule will only allow 2 argument names - p and a. If any other argument names are injected, it will be blocked. SecRule REQUEST_FILENAME "/index.php" "chain,log,deny,status:403,phase:2" SecRule ARGS_NAMES "!^(p|a)$"

This variable holds the authentication method used to validate a user. Example: SecRule AUTH_TYPE "basic" log,deny,status:403,phase:1,t:lowercase Note This data will not be available in a proxy-mode deployment as the authentication is not local. In a proxy-mode deployment, you would need to inpect the REQUEST_HEADERS:Authorization header.

Collection, requires a single parameter (after a colon character). The ENV variable is set with setenv and does not give access to the CGI environment variables. Example: SecRule REQUEST_FILENAME "printenv" pass,setenv:tag=suspicious SecRule ENV:tag "suspicious"

Collection. Contains a collection of original file names (as they were called on the remote user's file system). Note: only available if files were extracted from the request body. Example: SecRule FILES "\.conf$" log,deny,status:403,phase:2

Single value. Total size of the uploaded files. Note: only available if files were extracted from the request body. Example: SecRule FILES_COMBINED_SIZE "@gt 1000" log,deny,status:403,phase:2

Collection w/o parameter. Contains a list of form fields that were used for file upload. Note: only available if files were extracted from the request body. Example: SecRule FILES_NAMES "^upfile$" log,deny,status:403,phase:2

Collection. Contains a list of file sizes. Useful for implementing a size limitation on individual uploaded files. Note: only available if files were extracted from the request body. Example: SecRule FILES_SIZES "@gt 100" log,deny,status:403,phase:2

Collection. Contains a collection of temporary files' names on the disk. Useful when used together with @inspectFile. Note: only available if files were extracted from the request body. Example: SecRule FILES_TMPNAMES "@inspectFile /path/to/inspect_script.pl"

GEO is a collection populated by the @geoLookups operator. It can be used to match geographical fields looked up by an IP address or hostname. Available since 2.2.0. Fields: COUNTRY_CODE: Two character country code. EX: US, UK, etc. COUNTRY_CODE3: Up to three character country code. COUNTRY_NAME: The full country name. COUNTRY_CONTINENT: The teo character continent that the country is located. EX: EU REGION: The two character region. For US, this is state. For Canada, providence, etc. CITY: The city name. POSTAL_CODE: The postal code. LATITUDE: The latitude. LONGITUDE: The longitude. DMA_CODE: The metropoliton area code. (US only) AREA_CODE: The phone system area code. (US only) Example: SecRule REMOTE_ADDR "@geoLookup" chain,drop,msg:'Non-UK IP address' SecRule GEO:COUNTRY_CODE "!@streq UK"

Besides passing query information to a script/handler, you can also pass additional data, known as extra path information, as part of the URL. Example: SecRule PATH_INFO "^/(bin|etc|sbin|opt|usr)"

This variable holds form data passed to the script/handler by appending data after a question mark. Example: SecRule QUERY_STRING "attack"

This variable holds the IP address of the remote client. Example: SecRule REMOTE_ADDR "^192\.168\.1\.101$"

If HostnameLookUps are set to On, then this variable will hold the DNS resolved remote host name. If it is set to Off, then it will hold the remote IP address. Possible uses for this variable would be to deny known bad client hosts or network blocks, or conversely, to allow in authorized hosts. Example: SecRule REMOTE_HOST "\.evil\.network\org$"

This variable holds information on the source port that the client used when initiating the connection to our web server. Example: in this example, we are evaluating to see if the REMOTE_PORT is less than 1024, which would indicate that the user is a privileged user (root). SecRule REMOTE_PORT "@lt 1024" phase:1,log,pass,setenv:remote_port=privileged

This variable holds the username of the authenticated user. If there are no password (basic|digest) access controls in place, then this variable will be empty. Example: SecRule REMOTE_USER "admin" Note This data will not be available in a proxy-mode deployment as the authentication is not local.

Built-in processors are URLENCODED, MULTIPART, and XML. Example: SecRule REQBODY_PROCESSOR "^XML$ chain SecRule XML "@validateDTD /opt/apache-frontend/conf/xml.dtd"

0 (no error) or 1 (error). If you want to stop processing on an error you must have an explicit rule in phase 2 to do so. Example: SecRule REQBODY_PROCESSOR_ERROR "@eq 1" deny,phase:2

Empty, or contains the error message from the processor. Example: SecRule REQBODY_PROCESSOR_ERROR_MSG "failed to parse" t:lowercase

This variable holds just the filename part of REQUEST_FILENAME (e.g. index.php). Warning: not urlDecoded. Example: SecRule REQUEST_BASENAME "^login\.php$"

This variable holds the data in the request body (including POST_PAYLOAD data). REQUEST_BODY should be used if the original order of the arguements is important (ARGS should be used in all other cases). Example: SecRule REQUEST_BODY "^username=\w{25,}\&password=\w{25,}\&Submit\=login$" Note This variable is only available if the content type is application/x-www-form-urlencoded.

This variable is a collection of all of the cookie data. Example: the following example is using the Ampersand special operator to count how many variables are in the collection. In this rule, it would trigger if the request does not include any Cookie headers. SecRule &REQUEST_COOKIES "@eq 0"

This variable is a collection of the cookie names in the request headers. Example: the following rule will trigger if the JSESSIONID cookie is not present. SecRule &REQUEST_COOKIES_NAMES:JSESSIONID "@eq 0"

This variable holds the relative REQUEST_URI minus the QUERY_STRING part (e.g. /index.php). Warning: not urlDecoded. Example: SecRule REQUEST_FILENAME "^/cgi-bin/login\.php$"

This variable can be used as either a collection of all of the Request Headers or can be used to specify indivudual headers (by using REQUEST_HEADERS:Header-Name). Example: the first example uses REQUEST_HEADERS as a collection and is applying the validateUrlEncoding operator against all headers. SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS "@validateUrlEncoding" Example: the second example is targeting only the Host header. SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Host "^[\d\.]+$" \ "deny,log,status:400,msg:'Host header is a numeric IP address'"

This variable is a collection of the names of all of the Request Headers. Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS_NAMES "^x-forwarded-for" \ "log,deny,status:403,t:lowercase,msg:'Proxy Server Used'"

This variable holds the complete request line sent to the server (including the REQUEST_METHOD and HTTP version data). Example: this example rule will trigger if the request method is something other than GET, HEAD, POST or if the HTTP is something other than HTTP/0.9, 1.0 or 1.1. SecRule REQUEST_LINE "!(^((?:(?:pos|ge)t|head))|http/(0\.9|1\.0|1\.1)$)" Note Due to the default action transformation function lowercase, the regex strings should be in lowercase as well unless the t:none transformation function is specified for this particular rule.

This variable holds the Request Method used by the client. Example: the following example will trigger if the Request Method is either CONNECT or TRACE. SecRule REQUEST_METHOD "^((?:connect|trace))$" Note Due to the default action transformation function lowercase, the regex strings should be in lowercase as well unless the t:none transformation function is specified for this particular rule.

This variable holds the Request Protocol Version information. Example: SecRule REQUEST_PROTOCOL "!^http/(0\.9|1\.0|1\.1)$" Note Due to the default action transformation function lowercase, the regex strings should be in lowercase as well unless the t:none transformation function is specified for this particular rule.

This variable holds the full URL including the QUERY_STRING data (e.g. /index.php?p=X), however it will never contain a domain name, even if it was provided on the request line. Warning: not urlDecoded. It also does not include either the REQUEST_METHOD or the HTTP version info. Example: SecRule REQUEST_URI "attack"

Same as REQUEST_URI but will contain the domain name if it was provided on the request line (e.g. http://www.example.com/index.php?p=X). Warning: not urlDecoded. Example: SecRule REQUEST_URI_RAW "http:/"

This variable holds the data for the response payload. Example: SecRule RESPONSE_BODY "ODBC Error Code"

Response body length in bytes. Can be available starting with phase 3 but it does not have to be (as the length of response body is not always known in advance.) If the size is not known this variable will contain a zero. If RESPONSE_CONTENT_LENGTH contains a zero in phase 5 that means the actual size of the response body was 0. The value of this variable can change between phases if the body is modified. For example, in embedded mode mod_deflate can compress the response body between phases 4 and 5.

Response content type. Only available starting with phase 3.

This variable is similar to the REQUEST_HEADERS variable and can be used in the same manner. Example: SecRule RESPONSE_HEADERS:X-Cache "MISS" Note This variable may not have access to some headers when running in embedded-mode. Headers such as Server, Date, Connection and Content-Type are added during a later Apache hook just prior to sending the data to the client. This data should be available, however, either during ModSecurity phase:5 (logging) or when running in proxy-mode.

This variable is a collection of the response header names. Example: SecRule RESPONSE_HEADERS_NAMES "Set-Cookie" Note Same limitations as RESPONSE_HEADERS with regards to access to some headers in embedded-mode.

This variable holds the HTTP Response Protocol information. Example: SecRule RESPONSE_PROTOCOL "^HTTP\/0\.9"

This variable holds the HTTP Response Status Code generated by Apache. Example: SecRule RESPONSE_STATUS "^[45]" Note This directive may not work as expected in embedded-mode as Apache handles many of the stock response codes (404, 401, etc...) earlier in Phase 2. This variable should work as expected in a proxy-mode deployment.

This variable provides access to the id,rev,severity, and msg fields of the rule that triggered the action. Only available for expansion in action strings (e.g.setvar:tx.varname=%{rule.id}). Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS:Host "@eq 0" "log,deny,setvar:tx.varname=%{rule.id}"

This variable holds just the local filename part of SCRIPT_FILENAME. Example: SecRule SCRIPT_BASENAME "^login\.php$" Note This variable is not available in proxy mode.

This variable holds the full path on the server to the requested script. (e.g. SCRIPT_NAME plus the server path). Example: SecRule SCRIPT_FILENAME "^/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/login\.php$" Note This variable is not available in proxy mode.

This variable holds the groupid (numerical value) of the group owner of the script. Example: SecRule SCRIPT_GID "!^46$" Note This variable is not available in proxy mode.

This variable holds the group name of the group owner of the script. Example: SecRule SCRIPT_GROUPNAME "!^apache$" Note This variable is not available in proxy mode.

This variable holds the script's permissions mode data (numerical - 1=execute, 2=write, 4=read and 7=read/write/execute). Example: will trigger if the script has the WRITE permissions set. SecRule SCRIPT_MODE "^(2|3|6|7)$" Note This variable is not available in proxy mode.

This variable holds the userid (numerical value) of the owner of the script. Example: the example rule below will trigger if the UID is not 46 (the Apache user). SecRule SCRIPT_UID "!^46$" Note This variable is not available in proxy mode.

This variable holds the username of the owner of the script. Example: SecRule SCRIPT_USERNAME "!^apache$" Note This variable is not available in proxy mode.

This variable contains the IP address of the server. Example: SecRule SERVER_ADDR "^192\.168\.1\.100$"

This variable contains the server's hostname or IP address. Example: SecRule SERVER_NAME "hostname\.com$" Note This data is taken from the Host header submitted in the client request.

This variable contains the local port that the web server is listening on. Example: SecRule SERVER_PORT "^80$"

This variable is a collection, available only after setsid is executed. Example: the following example shows how to initialize a SESSION collection with setsid, how to use setvar to increase the session.score values, how to set the session.blocked variable and finally how to deny the connection based on the session:blocked value. SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES:PHPSESSID !^$ chain,nolog,pass SecAction setsid:%{REQUEST_COOKIES.PHPSESSID} SecRule REQUEST_URI "^/cgi-bin/finger$" "pass,log,setvar:session.score=+10" SecRule SESSION:SCORE "@gt 50" "pass,log,setvar:session.blocked=1" SecRule SESSION:BLOCKED "@eq 1" "log,deny,status:403"

This variable is the value set with setsid. Example: SecRule SESSIONID !^$ chain,nolog,pass SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES:PHPSESSID !^$ SecAction setsid:%{REQUEST_COOKIES.PHPSESSID}

This variable holds a formatted string representing the time (hour:minute:second). Example: SecRule TIME "^(([1](8|9))|([2](0|1|2|3))):\d{2}:\d{2}$"

This variable holds the current date (1-31). Example: this rule would trigger anytime between the 10th and 20th days of the month. SecRule TIME_DAY "^(([1](0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9))|20)$"

This variable holds the time in seconds since 1970. Example: SecRule TIME_EPOCH "@gt 1000"

This variable holds the current hour (0-23). Example: this rule would trigger during "off hours". SecRule TIME_HOUR "^(0|1|2|3|4|5|6|[1](8|9)|[2](0|1|2|3))$"

This variable holds the current minute (0-59). Example: this rule would trigger during the last half hour of every hour. SecRule TIME_MIN "^(3|4|5)"

This variable holds the current month (0-11). Example: this rule would match if the month was either November (10) or December (11). SecRule TIME_MON "^1"

This variable holds the current second count (0-59). Example: SecRule TIME_SEC "@gt 30"

This variable holds the current weekday (0-6). Example: this rule would trigger only on week-ends (Saturday and Sunday). SecRule TIME_WDAY "^(0|6)$"

This variable holds the current four-digit year data. Example: SecRule TIME_YEAR "^2006$"

Transaction Collection. This is used to store pieces of data, create a transaction anomaly score, and so on. Transaction variables are set for 1 request/response cycle. The scoring and evaluation will not last past the current request/response process. Example: In this example, we are using setvar to increase the tx.score value by 5 points. We then have a follow-up run that will evaluate the transactional score this this request and then it will decided whether or not to allow/deny the request through. SecRule WEBSERVER_ERROR_LOG "does not exist" "phase:5,pass,setvar:tx.score=+5" SecRule TX:SCORE "@gt 20" deny,log

This variable is the value set with setuid. Example: SecAction setuid:%{REMOTE_USER},nolog SecRule USERID "Admin"

This variable is the value set with SecWebAppId. Example: SecWebAppId "WebApp1" SecRule WEBAPPID "WebApp1" "chain,log,deny,status:403" SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Transfer-Encoding "!^$"

Contains zero or more error messages produced by the web server. Access to this variable is in phase:5 (logging). Example: SecRule WEBSERVER_ERROR_LOG "File does not exist" "phase:5,setvar:tx.score=+5"

Can be used standalone (as a target for validateDTD and validateSchema) or with an XPath expression parameter (which makes it a valid target for any function that accepts plain text). Example using XPath: SecDefaultAction log,deny,status:403,phase:2 SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Content-Type ^text/xml$ \ phase:1,t:lowercase,nolog,pass,ctl:requestBodyProcessor=XML SecRule REQBODY_PROCESSOR "!^XML$" skip:2 SecRule XML:/employees/employee/name/text() Fred SecRule XML:/xq:employees/employee/name/text() Fred \ xmlns:xq=http://www.example.com/employees The first XPath expression does not use namespaces. It would match against payload such as this one: <employees> <employee> <name>Fred Jones</name> <address location="home"> <street>900 Aurora Ave.</street> <city>Seattle</city> <state>WA</state> <zip>98115</zip> </address> <address location="work"> <street>2011 152nd Avenue NE</street> <city>Redmond</city> <state>WA</state> <zip>98052</zip> </address> <phone location="work">(425)555-5665</phone> <phone location="home">(206)555-5555</phone> <phone location="mobile">(206)555-4321</phone> </employee> </employees> The second XPath expression does use namespaces. It would match the following payload: <xq:employees xmlns:xq="http://www.example.com/employees"> <employee> <name>Fred Jones</name> <address location="home"> <street>900 Aurora Ave.</street> <city>Seattle</city> <state>WA</state> <zip>98115</zip> </address> <address location="work"> <street>2011 152nd Avenue NE</street> <city>Redmond</city> <state>WA</state> <zip>98052</zip> </address> <phone location="work">(425)555-5665</phone> <phone location="home">(206)555-5555</phone> <phone location="mobile">(206)555-4321</phone> </employee> </xq:employees> Note the different namespace used in the second example. To learn more about XPath we suggest the following resources: XPath Standard XPath Tutorial

When ModSecurity receives request or response information, it makes a copy of this data and places it into memory. It is on this data in memory that transformation functions are applied. The raw request/response data is never altered. Transformation functions are used to transform a variable before testing it in a rule. Note The default transformation function setting is - lowercase, replaceNulls and compressWhitespace (in this order). The following rule will ensure that an attacker does not use mixed case in order to evade the ModSecurity rule: SecRule ARG:p "xp_cmdshell" "t:lowercase"multiple tranformation actions can be used in the same rule, for example the following rule also ensures that an attacker does not use URL encoding (%xx encoding) for evasion. Note the order of the transformation functions, which ensures that a URL encoded letter is first decoded and than translated to lower case. SecRule ARG:p "xp_cmdshell" "t:urlDecode,t:lowercase" One can use the SetDefaultAction command to ensure the translation occurs for every rule until the next. Note that translation actions are additive, so if a rule explicitly list actions, the translation actions set by SetDefaultAction are still performed. SecDefaultAction t:urlDecode,t:lowercase The following transformation functions are supported:

This function decoes a base64-encoded string.

This function encodes input string using base64 encoding.

This function is enabled by default. It converts whitespace characters (32, \f, \t, \n, \r, \v, 160) to spaces (ASCII 32) and then compresses multiple space characters into only one.

This function decode ANSI C escape sequences: \a, \b, \f, \n, \r, \t, \v, \\, \?, \', \", \xHH(hexadecimal), \0OOO(octal). Invalid encodings are left in the output.

This function decodes a hex-encoded string.

This function encodes input as hex-encoded string.

This function decodes HTML entities present in input. The following variants are supported: &#xHH and &#xHH; (where H is any hexadecimal number) &#DDD and &#DDD; (where D is any decimal number) &quot and &quot; &nbsp and &nbsp; &lt and &lt; &gt and &gt;

This function converts the input to its numeric length (count of characters).

This function is enabled by default. It converts all charactes to lowercase using the current C locale.

This function calculates an MD5 hash from input.

This not an actual transformation function but an instruction to ModSecurity to remove all transformation functions associated with the current rule and start from scratch.

This function will remove multiple slashes, self-references and directory back-references (except when they are at the beginning of the path).

Same as normalisePath, but will first convert backslash characters to forward slashes.

This function removes NULL bytes from input.

This function removes all whitespace characters.

This function replaces each occurence of a C-style comments (/* ... */) with a single space (multiple consecutive occurences of a space will not be compressed). Unterminated comments will too be replaced with a space (ASCII 32). However, a standalone termination of a comment (*/) will not be acted upon.

This function is enabled by default. It replaces NULL bytes in input with spaces (ASCII 32).

This function decodes an URL-encoded input string. Invalid encodings (i.e. the ones that use non-hexadecimal characters, or the ones that are at the end of string and have one or two characters missing) will not be converted. If you want to detect invalid encodings use the @validateUrlEncoding operator. The transformational function should not be used against variables that have already been URL-decoded unless it is your intention to perform URL decoding twice!

In addition to decoding %xx like urlDecode, urlDecodeUni also decodes %uXXXX encoding. If the code is in the range of FF01-FF5E (the full width ASCII codes), then the higher byte is used to detect and adjust the lower byte. Otherwise, only the lower byte will be used and the higher byte zeroed.

This function encodes input using URL encoding.

This function calculates a SHA1 hash from input.

This function removes whitespace from the left side of input.

This function removes whitespace from the right side of input.

This function removes whitespace from both the left and right sides of input.

Each action belongs to one of five groups: Disruptive actions- are those actions where ModSecurity will intercept the data. They can only appear in the first rule in a chain. Non-disruptive actions; can appear anywhere. Flow actions; can appear only in the first rule in a chain. Meta-data actions(id, rev, severity, msg); can only appear in the first rule in a chain. Data actions- can appear anywhere; these actions are completely passive and only serve to carry data used by other actions.

Description: Stops processing on a successful match and allows transaction to proceed. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecRule REMOTE_ADDR "^192\.168\.1\.100$" nolog,phase:1,allow Note The allow action only applies to the current processing phase. If your intent is to explicitly allow a request, then you should use the "ctl" action to turn the ruleEngine off - ctl:ruleEngine=Off.

Description: Appends text given as parameter to the end of response body. For this action to work content injection must be enabled by setting SecContentInjection to On. Also make sure you check the content type of the response before you make changes to it (e.g. you don't want to inject stuff into images). Action Group: Non-Disruptive Processing Phases: 3 and 4. Example: SecRule RESPONSE_CONTENT_TYPE "^text/html" "nolog,pass,append:'<hr>Footer'"

Description: Marks the transaction for logging in the audit log. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REMOTE_ADDR "^192\.168\.1\.100$" auditlog,phase:1,allow Note The auditlog action is now explicit if log is already specified.

Description: When used together with the regular expression operator, capture action will create copies of regular expression captures and place them into the transaction variable collection. Up to ten captures will be copied on a successful pattern match, each with a name consisting of a digit from 0 to 9. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_BODY "^username=(\w{25,})" phase:2,capture,t:none,chain SecRule TX:1 "(?:(?:a(dmin|nonymous)))" Note The 0 data captures the entire REGEX match and 1 captures the data in the first parantheses, etc...

Description: Chains the rule where the action is placed with the rule that immediately follows it. The result is called a rule chain. Chained rules allow for more complex rule matches where you want to use a number of different VARIABLES to create a better rule and to help prevent false positives. Action Group: Flow Example: # Refuse to accept POST requests that do # not specify request body length SecRule REQUEST_METHOD ^POST$ chain SecRule REQUEST_HEADER:Content-Length ^$ Note In programming language concepts, think of chained rules somewhat similar to AND conditional statements. The actions specified in the first portion of the chained rule will only be triggered if all of the variable checks return positive hits. If one aspect of the chained rule is negative, then the entire rule chain is negative. Also note that disruptive actions, execution phases, metadata actions (id, rev, msg) and skip actions can only be specified on by the chain starter rule.

Description: The ctl action allows configuration options to be updated for the transaction. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: # Parse requests with Content-Type "text/xml" as XML SecRule REQUEST_CONTENT_TYPE ^text/xml nolog,pass,ctl:requestBodyProcessor=XML Note The following configuration options are supported: auditEngine auditLogParts debugLogLevel requestBodyAccess requestBodyLimit requestBodyProcessor responseBodyAccess responseBodyLimit ruleEngine With the exception of requestBodyProcessor, each configuration option corresponds to one configuration directive and the usage is identical. The requestBodyProcessor option allows you to configure the request body processor. By default ModSecurity will use the URLENCODED and MULTIPART processors to process an application/x-www-form-urlencoded and a multipart/form-data body, respectively. A third processor, XML, is also supported, but it is never used implicitly. Instead you must tell ModSecurity to use it by placing a few rules in the REQUEST_HEADERS processing phase. After the request body was processed as XML you will be able to use the XML-related features to inspect it. Request body processors will not interrupt a transaction if an error occurs during parsing. Instead they will set variables REQBODY_PROCESSOR_ERROR and REQBODY_PROCESSOR_ERROR_MSG. These variables should be inspected in the REQUEST_BODY phase and an appropriate action taken.

Description: Stops rule processing and intercepts transaction. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "nikto" log,deny,msg:'Nikto Scanners Identified"

Description: Decrement counter based on its age. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: The following example will decrement the counter by 60 every 300 seconds. SecAction deprecatevar:session.score=60/300 Note Counter values are always positive, meaning the value will never go below zero.

Description: Immediately initiate a "connection close" action to tear down the TCP connection by sending a FIN packet. Action Group: Disruptive Example: The following example initiates an IP collection for tracking Basic Authentication attempts. If the client goes over the threshold of more than 25 attempts in 2 minutes, it will DROP subsequent connections. SecAction initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},nolog SecRule ARGS:login "!^$" \ nolog,phase:1,setvar:ip.auth_attempt=+1,deprecatevar:ip.auth_attempt=20/120 SecRule IP:AUTH_ATTEMPT "@gt 25" \ log,drop,phase:1,msg:'Possible Brute Force Attack" Note This action is extremely useful when responding to both Brute Force and Denial of Service attacks in that, in both cases, you want to minimize both the network bandwidth and the data returned to the client. This action causes error message to appear in the log "(9)Bad file descriptor: core_output_filter: writing data to the network"

Description: Executes an external script/binary supplied as parameter. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_URI "^/cgi-bin/script\.pl" \ "log,exec:/usr/local/apache/bin/test.sh,phase:1" Note This directive does not effect a primary action if it exists. This action will always call script with no parameters, but providing all information in the environment. All the usual CGI environment variables will be there. You can have one binary executed per filter match. Execution will add the header mod_security-executed to the list of request headers. You should be aware that forking a threaded process results in all threads being replicated in the new process. Forking can therefore incur larger overhead in multithreaded operation. The script you execute must write something (anything) to stdout. If it doesn't ModSecurity will assume execution didn't work.

Description: Configurescollection variable to expire after the given time in seconds. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES:JSESSIONID "!^$" nolog,phase:1,pass,chain SecAction setsid:%{REQUEST_COOKIES:JSESSIONID} SecRule REQUEST_URI "^/cgi-bin/script\.pl" \ "log,allow,setvar:session.suspicious=1,expirevar:session.suspicious=3600,phase:1" Note You should use expirevar actions at the same time that you use setvar actions in order to keep the indended expiration time. If they are used on their own (perhaps in a SecAction directive) the expire time could get re-set. When variables are removed from collections, and there are no other changes, collections are not written to disk at the end of request. This is because the variables can always be expired again when the collection is read again on a subsequent request.

Description: Assigns a unique ID to the rule or chain. Action Group: Metadata Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS:Host "@eq 0" \ "log,id:60008,severity:2,msg:'Request Missing a Host Header'" Note These are the reserved ranges: 1 – 99999; reserved for your internal needs, use as you see fit but don't publish them to others 100,000-199,999; reserved for internal use of the engine, to assign to rules that do not have explicit IDs 200,000-299,999; reserved for rules published at modsecurity.org 300,000-399,999; reserved for rules published at gotroot.com 400,000 and above; unreserved range.

Description: Initialises a named persistent collection, either by loading data from storage or by creating a new collection in memory. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: The following example initiates IP address tracking. SecAction initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},nolog Note Every collection contains several built-in variables that are read-only: CREATE_TIME - date/time of the creation of the collection. KEY - the value of the initcol variable (the client's IP address in the example). LAST_UPDATE_TIME - date/time of the last update to the collection. TIMEOUT- date/time in seconds when the collection will be updated on disk from memory (if no other updates occur). UPDATE_COUNTER - how many times the collection has been updated since creation. UPDATE_RATE - is the average rate updates per minute since creation. Collections are loaded into memory when the initcol action is encountered. The collection in storage will be updated (and the appropriate counters increased) only if it was changed during transaction processing. To create a collection to hold session variables (SESSION) use action setsid. To create a collection to hold user variables (USER) use action setuid. At this time it is only possible to have three collections: IP, SESSION, and USER. Please note that ModSecurity does not implement atomic updates of persistent variables at this time. Variables are read from storage whenever initcol is encountered in the rules and persisted at the end of request processing. On busy servers requests often run in parallel, leading to situations where one request overwrites the changes made by another request. We anticipate implementing atomic updates of counter values in a future version.

Description: Indicates that a successful match of the rule needs to be logged. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecAction initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},log Note This action will log matches to the Apache error log file and the ModSecurity audit log.

Description: Assigns a custom message to the rule or chain. Action Group: Metadata Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS:Host "@eq 0" \ "log,id:60008,severity:2,msg:'Request Missing a Host Header'" Note The msg information appears in the error and/or audit log files and is not sent back to the client in response headers.

Description: If enabled ModSecurity will perform multiple operator invocations for every target, before and after every anti-evasion transformation is performed. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecDefaultAction log,deny,phase:1,t:removeNulls,t:lowercase SecRule ARGS "attack" multiMatch Note Normally, variables are evaluated once, only after all transformation functions have completed. With multiMatch, variables are checked against the operator before and after every transformation function that changes the input.

Description: Indicates that a successful match of the rule should not be used as criteria whether the transaction should be logged to the audit log. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "Test" allow,noauditlog Note If the SecAuditEngine is set to On, all of the transactions will be logged. If it is set to RelevantOnly, then you can control it with the noauditlog action. Even if the noauditlog action is applied to a specific rule and a rule either before or after triggered an audit event, then the tranaction will be logged to the audit log. The correct way to disable audit logging for the entire transaction is to use "ctl:auditEngine=Off"

Description: Prevents rule matches from appearing in both the error and audit logs. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "Test" allow,nolog Note The nolog action also implies noauditlog.

Description: Continues processing with the next rule in spite of a successful match. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "Test" log,pass Note Transaction will not be interrupted but it will be logged (unless logging has been suppressed).

Description: Pauses transaction processing for the specified number of milliseconds. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "Test" log,deny,status:403,pause:5000 Note This feature can be of limited benefit for slowing down Brute Force Scanners, however use with care. If you are under a Denial of Service type of attack, the pause feature may make matters worse as this feature will cause child processes to sit idle until the pause is completed.

Description: Places the rule (or the rule chain) into one of five available processing phases. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecDefaultAction log,deny,phase:1,t:removeNulls,t:lowercase SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "Test" log,deny,status:403 Note Keep in mind that is you specify the incorrect phase, the target variable that you specify may be empty. This could lead to a false negative situation where your variable and operator (RegEx) may be correct, but it misses malicious data because you specified the wrong phase.

Description: Prepends text given as parameter to the response body. For this action to work content injection must be enabled by setting SecContentInjection to On. Also make sure you check the content type of the response before you make changes to it (e.g. you don't want to inject stuff into images). Action Group: Non-Disruptive Processing Phases: 3 and 4. Example: SecRule RESPONSE_CONTENT_TYPE ^text/html "phase:3,nolog,pass,prepend:'Header<br>'"

Description: Intercepts transaction by forwarding request to another web server using the proxy backend. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "Test" log,proxy:http://www.honeypothost.com/ Note For this action to work, mod_proxy must also be installed. This action is useful if you would like to proxy matching requests onto a honeypot webserver.

Description: Intercepts transaction by issuing a redirect to the given location. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "Test" \ log,redirect:http://www.hostname.com/failed.html Note If the status action is present and its value is acceptable (301, 302, 303, or 307) it will be used for the redirection. Otherwise status code 302 will be used.

Description: Specifies rule revision. Action Group: Metadata Example: SecRule REQUEST_METHOD "^PUT$" "id:340002,rev:1,severity:2,msg:'Restricted HTTP function'" Note This action is used in combination with the id action to allow the same rule ID to be used after changes take place but to still provide some indication the rule changed.

Description: Sanitises (replaces each byte with an asterisk) a named request argument prior to audit logging. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecAction nolog,phase:2,sanitiseArg:password Note The sanitize actions do not sanitize any data within the actual raw requests but only on the copy of data within memory that is set to log to the audit log. It will not sanitize the data in the modsec_debug.log file (if the log level is set high enough to capture this data).

Description: Sanitises the variable (request argument, request header, or response header) that caused a rule match. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: This action can be used to sanitise arbitrary transaction elements when they match a condition. For example, the example below will sanitise any argument that contains the word password in the name. SecRule ARGS_NAMES password nolog,pass,sanitiseMatched Note Same note as sanitiseArg.

Description: Sanitises a named request header. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: This will sanitise the data in the Authorization header. SecAction log,phase:1,sanitiseRequestHeader:Authorization Note Same note as sanitiseArg.

Description: Sanitises a named response header. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: This will sanitise the Set-Cookie data sent to the client. SecAction log,phase:3,sanitiseResponseHeader:Set-Cookie Note Same note as sanitiseArg.

Description: Assigns severity to the rule it is placed with. Action Group: Metadata Example: SecRule REQUEST_METHOD "^PUT$" "id:340002,rev:1,severity:2,msg:'Restricted HTTP function'" Note The severity numbers follow the Syslog convention: 0 = EMERGENCY 1 = ALERT 2 = CRITICAL 3 = ERROR 4 = WARNING 5 = NOTICE 6 = INFO 7 = DEBUG

Description: Special-purpose action that initialises the USER collection. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecAction setuid:%{REMOTE_USER},nolog Note After initialisation takes place the variable USERID will be available for use in the subsequent rules.

Description: Special-purposeaction that initialises the SESSION collection. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: # Initialise session variables using the session cookie value SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES:PHPSESSID !^$ chain,nolog,pass SecAction setsid:%{REQUEST_COOKIES.PHPSESSID} Note On first invocation of this action the collection will be empty (not taking the pre-defined variables into account - see initcol for more information). On subsequent invocations the contents of the collection (session, in this case) will be retrieved from storage. After initialisation takes place the variable SESSIONID will be available for use in the subsequent rules.This action understands each application maintains its own set of sessions. It will utilise the current web application ID to create a session namespace.

Description: Creates, removes, or updates an environment variable. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Examples: To create a new variable (if you omit the value 1 will be used): setenv:name=value To remove a variable: setenv:!name Note This action can be used to establish communication with other Apache modules.

Description: Creates, removes, or updates a variable in the specified collection. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Examples: To create a new variable: setvar:tx.score=10 To remove a variable prefix the name with exclamation mark: setvar:!tx.score To increase or decrease variable value use+and-characters in front of a numerical value: setvar:tx.score=+5

Description: Skips one or more rules (or chains) on successful match. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_URI "^/$" "chain,skip:2" SecRule REMOTE_ADDR "^127\.0\.0\.1$" "chain" SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "^Apache \(internal dummy connection\)$" "t:none" SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS:Host "@eq 0" \ "deny,log,status:400,id:960008,severity:4,msg:'Request Missing a Host Header'" SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS:Accept "@eq 0" \ "log,deny,log,status:400,id:960015,msg:'Request Missing an Accept Header'" Note Skip only applies to the current processing phase and not necessarily the order in which the rules appear in the configuration file. If you group rules by processing phases, then skip should work as expected. This action can not be used to skip rules within one chain. Accepts a single paramater denoting the number of rules (or chains) to skip.

Description: Specifies the response status code to use with actions deny and redirect. Action Group: Disruptive Example: SecDefaultAction log,deny,status:403,phase:1 Note Staus actions defined in Apache scope locations (such as Directory, Location, etc...) may be superceded by phase:1 action settings. The Apache ErrorDocument directive will be triggered if present in the configuration. Therefore if you have previously defined a custom error page for a given status then it will be executed and its output presented to the user.

Description: This action can be used which transformation function should be used against the specified variables before they (or the results, rather) are run against the operator specified in the rule. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecDefaultAction log,deny,phase:1,t:removeNulls,t:lowercase SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES:SESSIONID "47414e81cbbef3cf8366e84eeacba091" \ log,deny,status:403,t:md5 Note Any transformation functions that you specify in a SecRule will be in addtion to previous ones specified in SecDefaultAction. Use of "t:none" will remove all transformation functions for the specified rule.

Description: This action should be used together with an XPath expression to register a namespace. Action Group: Non-Disruptive Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Content-Type "text/xml" \ phase:1,pass,ctl:requestBodyProcessor=XML,ctl:requestBodyAccess=On,xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" SecRule XML:/soap:Envelope/soap:Body/q1:getInput/id() "123" phase:2,deny

A number of operators can be used in rules, as documented below. The operator syntax used the "@" symbol followed by the specific operator name.

Description: This operator is a string comparison and returns true if the parameter value is found at the beginning of the input. Macro expansion is performed so you may use variable names such as %{TX.1}, etc. Example: SecRule REQUEST_LINE "!@beginsWith GET" t:none,deny,status:403 SecRule REQUEST_ADDR "^(.*)\.\d+$" deny,status:403,capture,chain SecRule ARGS:gw "!@beginsWith %{TX.1}"

Description: This operator is a string comparison and returns true if the parameter value is found anywhere in the input. Macro expansion is performed so you may use variable names such as %{TX.1}, etc. Example: SecRule REQUEST_LINE "!@contains .php " t:none,deny,status:403 SecRule REQUEST_ADDR "^(.*)$" deny,status:403,capture,chain SecRule ARGS:ip "!@contains %{TX.1}"

Description: This operator is a string comparison and returns true if the parameter value is found at the end of the input. Macro expansion is performed so you may use variable names such as %{TX.1}, etc. Example: SecRule REQUEST_LINE "!@endsWith HTTP/1.1" t:none,deny,status:403 SecRule ARGS:route "!@endsWith %{REQUEST_ADDR}" t:none,deny,status:403

Description: This operator is a numerical comparison and stands for "equal to." Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS_NAMES "@eq 15"

Description: This operator is a numerical comparison and stands for "greater than or equal to." Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS_NAMES "@ge 15"

Description: This operator looks up various data fields from an IP address or hostname. The results will be captured in the GEO collection. You must provide a database via SecGeoLookupsDb before this operator can be used. See the GEO variable for an example and more information on various fields available.

Description: This operator is a numerical comparison and stands for "greater than." Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS_NAMES "@gt 15"

Description: Executes the external script/binary given as parameter to the operator against every file extracted from the request. Example: SecRule FILES_TMPNAMES "@inspectFile /opt/apache/bin/inspect_script.pl"

Description: This operator is a numerical comparison and stands for "less than or equal to." Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS_NAMES "@le 15"

Description: This operator is a numerical comparison and stands for "less than." Example: SecRule &REQUEST_HEADERS_NAMES "@lt 15"

Description: Phrase Match operator. This operator uses a set based matching engine (Aho-Corasick) for faster matches of keyword lists. It will match any one of its arguments anywhere in the target value. Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "@pm WebZIP WebCopier Webster WebStripper SiteSnagger ProWebWalker CheeseBot" "deny,status:403 The above would deny access with 403 if any of the words matched within the User-Agent HTTP header value.

Description: Phrase Match operator. This operator uses a set based matching engine (Aho-Corasick) for faster matches of keyword lists. This operator is the same as @pm except that it takes a list of files as arguments. It will match any one of the phrases listed in the file(s) anywhere in the target value. Notes: The contents of the files should be one phrase per line. End of line markers will be stripped from the phrases, however, whitespace will not be trimmed from phrases in the file. Empty lines and comment lines (beginning with a '#') are ignored. To allow easier inclusion of phrase files with rulesets, relative paths may be used to the phrase files. In this case, the path of the file containing the rule is prepended to the phrase file path. Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "@pm /path/to/blacklist1 blacklist2" "deny,status:403 The above would deny access with 403 if any of the patterns in the two files matched within the User-Agent HTTP header value. The blacklist2 file would need to be placed in the same path as the file containing the rule.

Description: Look up the parameter in the RBL given as parameter. Parameter can be an IPv4 address, or a hostname. Example: SecRule REMOTE_ADDR "@rbl sc.surbl.org"

Description: Regular expression operator. This is the default operator, so if the "@" operator is not defined, it is assumed to be rx. Example: SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "@rx nikto" Note Regular expressions are handled by the PCRE library (http://www.pcre.org). ModSecurity compiles its regular expressions with the following settings: The entire input is treated as a single line, even when there are newline characters present. All matches are case-sensitive. If you do not care about case sensitivity you either need to implement the lowercase transformational function, or use the per-pattern(?i)modificator, as allowed by PCRE. The PCRE_DOTALL and PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY flags are set during compilation, meaning a single dot will match any character, including the newlines and a $ end anchor will not match a trailing newline charater.

Description: This operator is a string comparison and returns true if the parameter value matches the input exactly. Macro expansion is performed so you may use variable names such as %{TX.1}, etc. Example: SecRule ARGS:foo "!@streq bar" t:none,deny,status:403 SecRule REQUEST_ADDR "^(.*)$" deny,status:403,capture,chain SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Ip-Address "!@streq %{TX.1}"

Description: Validates the byte range used in the variable falls into the specified range. Example: SecRule ARG:text "@validateByteRange 10, 13, 32-126" Note You can force requests to consist only of bytes from a certain byte range. This can be useful to avoid stack overflow attacks (since they usually contain "random" binary content). Default range values are 0 and 255, i.e. all byte values are allowed. This directive does not check byte range in a POST payload when multipart/form-data encoding (file upload) is used. Doing so would prevent binary files from being uploaded. However, after the parameters are extracted from such request they are checked for a valid range. validateByteRange is similar to the ModSecurity 1.X SecFilterForceByteRange Directive however since it works in a rule context, it has the following differences: You can specify a different range for different variables. It has an "event" context (id, msg....) It is executed in the flow of rules rather than being a built in pre-check.

Description: This operator requires the request body to be processed as XML. Example: SecDefaultAction log,deny,status:403,phase:2 SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Content-Type ^text/xml$ \ phase:1,t:lowercase,nolog,pass,ctl:requestBodyProcessor=XML SecRule REQBODY_PROCESSOR "!^XML$" nolog,pass,skip:1 SecRule XML "@validateDTD /path/to/apache2/conf/xml.dtd"

Description: This operator requires the request body to be processed as XML. Example: SecDefaultAction log,deny,status:403,phase:2 SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Content-Type ^text/xml$ \ phase:1,t:lowercase,nolog,pass,ctl:requestBodyProcessor=XML SecRule REQBODY_PROCESSOR "!^XML$" nolog,pass,skip:1 SecRule XML "@validateSchema /path/to/apache2/conf/xml.xsd" This operator requires request body to be processed as XML.

Description: Verifies the encodings used in the variable (if any) are valid. Example: SecRule ARGS "@validateUrlEncoding" Note URL encoding is an HTTP standard for encoding byte values within a URL. The byte is escaped with a % followed by two hexadecimal values (0-F). This directive does not check encoding in a POST payload when the multipart/form-data encoding (file upload) is used. It is not necessary to do so because URL encoding is not used for this encoding.

Description: Verifies the variable is a valid UTF-8 encoded string. Example: SecRule ARGS "@validateUtf8Encoding" Note UTF-8 encoding is valid on most web servers. Integer values between 0-65535 are encoded in a UTF-8 byte sequence that is escaped by percents. The short form is two bytes in length. check for three types of errors: Not enough bytes. UTF-8 supports two, three, four, five, and six byte encodings. ModSecurity will locate cases when a byte or more is missing. Invalid encoding. The two most significant bits in most characters are supposed to be fixed to 0x80. Attackers can use this to subvert Unicode decoders. Overlong characters. ASCII characters are mapped directly into the Unicode space and are thus represented with a single byte. However, most ASCII characters can also be encoded with two, three, four, five, and six characters thus tricking the decoder into thinking that the character is something else (and, presumably, avoiding the security check).